3 不确定度论置疑
3.1 什么是不确定度?
国际标准化组织的“测量不确定度导则ISO:1993(E)”[2]载
“(测量)不确定度
与测量结果相关的参数,表征合理赋予的被测量之值的分散性。”
国际标准化组织(ISO)“测量不确定度导则” 篇幅很长,以下简称为不确定度论。
3.2 不确定度论的问题
1基本定义乱变
在不确定度论的发展史上,各次对“不确定度”的定义有两类:
A 由测量结果给出的被测量的估计值中可能误差的量度。
B 表征被测量的真值所处的量值范围的评定。(VIM,1984,3.09条。)
C VIM第二版(1993)3.9项
uncertainty (of measurement) – parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand.
叶译:与测量结果相关的参数,表示合理赋予的被测量之值的分散性(以上三点见参考文献[1])。
本文译:与测量结果相关的参量,它表征量值的分散性,这个分散性可以合理地归因于被测量。
D VIM第三版(2004)2.11项(网上资料)
uncertainty
parameter that characterizes the dispersion of the quantity values that are being attributed
to a measurand, based on the information used
参考文献
[1] 冯师颜 误差理论与实验数据处理 科学出版社 1964
[2] 叶德培编 测量不确定度 国防工业出版社 1996年9月
附录 测量不确定度导则 ISO:1993(E)
[3] Barry N. Taylor and Chris E. Kuyatt . Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results . NIST Technical Note 1297 1994 Edition
[4] ISO VIM (DGUIDE 99999) 网上资料
原文
uncertainty principle physical principle, enunciated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, that places an absolute, theoretical limit on the combined accuracy of certain pairs of simultaneous, related measurements. The accuracy of a measurement is given by the uncertainty in the result; if the measurement is exact, the uncertainty is zero. According to the uncertainty principle, the mathematical product of the combined uncertainties of simultaneous measurements of position and momentum in a given direction cannot be less than Planck's constant h divided by 4π. The principle also limits the accuracies of simultaneous measurements of energy and of the time required to make the energy measurement. The value of Planck's constant is extremely small, so that the effect of the limitations imposed by the uncertainty principle are not noticeable on the large scale of ordinary measurements; however, on the scale of atoms and elementary particles the effect of the uncertainty principle is very important. Because of the uncertainties existing at this level, a picture of the submicroscopic world emerges as one of statistical probabilities rather than measurable certainties. On the large scale it is still possible to speak of causality in a framework described in terms of space and time; on the atomic scale this is not possible. Such a description would require exact measurements of such quantities as position, speed, energy, and time, and these quantities cannot be measured exactly because of the uncertainty principle. It does not limit the accuracy of single measurements, of nonsimultaneous measurements, or of simultaneous measurements of pairs of quantities other than those specifically restricted by the principle. Even so, its restrictions are sufficient to prevent scientists from being able to make absolute predictions about future states of the system being studied. The uncertainty principle has been elevated by some thinkers to the status of a philosophical principle, called the principle of indeterminacy, which has been taken by some to limit causality in general. See quantum theory .
Bibliography: See W. Heisenberg, The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory (tr. 1949); D. Lindley, Uncertainty (2007).作者: ttyn727 时间: 2016-8-22 23:30
网上查得一文,是2007年的,内称海森堡不作者: cy4080 时间: 2016-8-22 23:54
为真值正名,是为误差理论平反的基础。昨天查到网上测不准关系正释一文,是我国理论物理学家何祚庥院士写的,文中引用了量子理论中不确定度原理的创始人海森堡的原话。可知,当前的测量不确定度理论的创造者们,误解了愿意。为真值正名、为误差理论平反的主张,原来竟有如此强大的后盾,请看何氏文章。